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In linguistics, redundancy refers to information that is expressed more than once. Examples of redundancies include multiple agreement features in morphology,〔 multiple features distinguishing phonemes in phonology,〔 or the use of multiple words to express a single idea in rhetoric.〔 ==Grammar== Redundancy may occur at any level of grammar. Because of agreement – a requirement in many languages that the form of different words in a phrase or clause correspond with one another – the same semantic information may be marked several times. In the Spanish phrase ''los árboles verdes'' ("the green trees"), for example, the article ''los'', the noun ''árboles'', and the adjective ''verdes'' are all inflected to show that the phrase is plural.〔 In phonology, a minimal pair is a pair of words or phrases that differs by only one phoneme, the smallest distinctive unit of the sound system. Even so, phonemes may differ on several phonetic features. For example, the English phonemes and in the words ''pin'' and ''bin'' feature different voicing, aspiration, and muscular tension. Any one of these features is sufficient to differentiate /p/ from /b/ in English.〔 Generative grammar uses such redundancy to simplify the form of grammatical description. Any feature that can be predicted on the basis of other features (such as aspiration on the basis of voicing) need not be indicated in the grammatical rule. Features that are not redundant and therefore must be indicated by rule are called distinctive features.〔 As with agreement in morphology, phonologically conditioned alternation, such as coarticulation and assimilation add redundancy on the phonological level. The redundancy of phonological rules may clarify some vagueness in spoken communication. According to psychologist Steven Pinker, "In the comprehension of speech, the redundancy conferred by phonological rules can compensate for some of the ambiguity of the sound wave. For example, a speaker may know that ''thisrip'' must be ''this rip'' and not ''the srip'' because in English the initial consonant cluster ''sr'' is illegal." It is this feature of redundancy that has been said to be important in allowing humans to acquire a complex grammar system. A child acquiring language must abstract away grammatical rules based on the input which they hear. Redundancy in language allows the child's inductions to be more stable by presenting more salient evidence upon which these inductions are based. Redundancy therefore provides the sufficient stimulus needed to acquire a complex grammar system. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Redundancy (linguistics)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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